Context
In 1868 the Manitou Islands were a small, shrinking world. On North Manitou Island the cordwood trade for steamers was fading, because "the vast majority of the trees had been cleared." Its population fell from 269 in 1860 to 94 in 1870. Woodcutters, farmers and fishermen lived among beech and maple forest. Today the islands belong to Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore.