T H E A R M Y A I R F O R C E S I N W O R L D W A R I 1
If the Japanese had achieved their objective in the Aleutians, they
had fallen far short a t Midway, where the outcome of the battle cut
deeply into the war potential of the enemy. The air-sea engagement
had been critical and disastrous; its immediate magnitude was con-
cealed from all but a small handful of individuals in the imperial gen-
eral staff and in the two service ministries, while its ultimate effect
could only become apparent as the war progressed.14s Midway had
levied against the Japanese naval establishment a series of deficits
whose cumulative effect was to become increasingly painful as
the Japanese faced heavier commitments in the Solomons and New
Guinea, and which lay beyond the nation's capacity to overcome.
Four of the most efficient carriers had gone down, carrying with them
the hopes of Admiral Yamamoto to bring about a major fleet engage-
ment a t a maximum distance from home waters; henceforth, the fleet
would not roam the western and central Pacific with relative impunity.
Its future operations would be more difficult, and they would be pri-
marily defen~ive.'~'Furthermore, Midway had forced the Japanese
to recognize that the center of gravity now lay in the carrier divisions,
despite the resistance of older officers who clung to the traditional
battleship as the major ~ e a p o n . ~ "But even more important was the
loss of pilots, for the Midway forces had carried the most highly
skilled flying and technical personnel in the Japanese navy. N o w many
of them were gone; perhaps 3 0 per cent of the pilots had been lost
with the estimated 2 5 0 planes destroyed, and almost half the survivors
were sent to staff a fresh Third Fleet. Before their scheduled two-
month training could be completed, Guadalcanal had been invaded
and it was necessary to commit them to Rabaul, where they were con-
sumed in the running sore of the Solomons. Yamamoto now had his
perimeter anchored in the Aleutians, but the attempt to fix its eastern
terminus a t Midway had dealt his naval air forces a keen blow; until
the carrier groups were restored, his navy would be confined to the
range of shore-based planes moving from island to island across the
Pacific.' I s
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