T H E A R M Y A I R F O R C E S I N W O R L D W A R I 1
the Sault Sainte Marie canals, aircraft plants along both coasts, oil
refineries off the coast of Venezuela, bauxite mines in the Guianas,
and cryolite deposits-needed in making aluminum-at Ivigtut, Green-
land. Military commanders, impressed with the damaged reputations
which had been caused by Pearl Harbor, demanded large reinforce-
ments to assure the safety of the area each was charged with defend-
ing." Had the War Department listened to all these pleas, the existing
air force would have been dispersed in small and ineffective units, and
the AAF would have been required to surrender any early hope of
building an offensive force. A system of priorities was essential, and,
because the chief fear was of further carrier raids by Japan, initial air
defense arrangements took the form of emergency reinforcements for
Panama, Alaska, and the continental West Coast."
A great deal of attention had been given before the war to the
defenses of the Panama Canal, and to a superficial observer this target
might have appeared to be well defended in December 1941.+There
were, to be sure, three pursuit groups and the equivalent of two bom-
bardment groups on duty in or near the Canal Zone, and these units
had in addition to obsolete equipment more than IOO reasonably mod-
ern airplanes.I2 T h e appearance, however, was misleading, and the
following fundamental weaknesses demanded immediate remedial
measures: of the airplanes assigned, only one squadron of B-17's was
capable of operating at high altitudes; only two ineffectual radar sta-
tions were available; neither the Army nor the Navy had enough
planes to provide adequate offshore patrols; and aircraft bases were
so concentrated that a surprise raid on two fields, situated only five
miles apart, might have destroyed two-thirds of the tactical planes
assigned to defend the ~ana1.I~
Officials in Washington were aware of the danger to the canal and
gave priority to furnishing nine additional heavy bombers.l* Pursuit
reinforcements were provided from within the Caribbean Defense
Command by transferring twenty-five P-40's from Puerto Rico to
the Canal Zone, a movement completed on 14 December.15 At the
end of December, eighty additional pursuit planes arrived in Panama
from the United States1' The critical need for aircraft warning instru-
ments was eased by the arrival on 26 December of four mobile radar
sets.17Meantime, AAF officers in Panama had taken local measures to
increase the readiness of their units. During December, planes were
* See above, pp. 160-66.
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