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Defense Intelligence Reference Document Laser Lightcraft Nanosatellites

Defense Intelligence Agency · 77 pages · text from the file's own layer

This Defense Intelligence Reference Document from the Defense Intelligence Agency, dated 1 November 2010, was produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. It describes nanosatellite technologies and proposes launching nanosats into orbit with laser Lightcraft propulsion. It also covers a weapon mission selection study and multi-megawatt laser options. The author recommends that the Department of Defense and NASA bring Lightcraft R&D back to the United States and restart the X-50LR flight demonstration program.

  • p. 4 …Influence of Target Velocity and Intercept Angle on Impact Energy and Required Mass .................................................................................................. 33 Table 5…
  • p. 5 …The term "minisatellite" refers to a spacecraft with a wet mass (including onboard propellant) of 100…
  • p. 7 …Nanosatellite Technologies OVERVIEW Nanosats require technologies that radically reduce the mass and power of components without…
  • p. 8 …nanosat presents some unique challenges, with low mass (0.25 kg) and low power (0.5…
  • p. 9 …In order to develop a low mass C&DH, a lightweight and low power electronics packaging…
  • p. 11 …RF COMMUNICATIONS The onboard RF subsystem must be small, low mass, and low power. The system…
  • p. 12 …additional strain on an already challenged nanosat mass and power budget. For this reason, the concept…
  • p. 13 …The material will be selected based on mass, cost, manufacturability, ease of assembly and integration, and…
  • p. 15 …for the spacecraft because a large propellant mass and heavy energy source are not carried onboard…
  • p. 17 …Current Lightcraft designs are limited to about 60 g mass and 15 cm in diameter by…
  • p. 21 …It requires a beam power of 0.1 to 1 MW per kg of vehicle mass…
  • p. 22 …The majority of the system mass required to launch a payload to orbit is left on…
  • p. 24 …Therefore, this would allow approximately 4 kg of mass to be placed into orbit with the…
  • p. 25 …same ply-thickness) to meet Lightcraft airframe mass requirements. Another important finding in the study was…
  • p. 31 …Additional estimated mass for performing the Lightsat function is no more than about 1 kg, if…
  • p. 32 …Lightcraft takeoff masses no more than about 20 kg can be accelerated to orbital velocities by…
  • p. 33 …for missile and maneuvering aircraft interception. • Additional mass along Lightcraft centerline for hardened target penetration. LIGHTCRAFT…
  • p. 34 …Lightcraft sizing assumed a propellant mass fraction of 0.5 and 1.0 MW of laser…
  • p. 35 …Hybrid Rocket Expendible Launch Vehicle - Assumed Perfonnance and Estimated Weights Payload Mass (kg) 1.00 5…
  • p. 37 …It is therefore estimated that the air-to-space Lightcraft dry mass would be about the…
  • p. 38 …Influence of Target Velocity and Intercept Angle on Impact Energy and Required Mass 2 61. Lightcraft…
  • p. 39 …Influence of Lightcraft and Target Velocity on Impact Energy and Required Mass 261. Lightcraft Lightcraft Impact…
  • p. 40 …The lower mass also saves launch costs, so the total system costs less for the same…
  • p. 41 …many spacecraft that the economics of true mass production will come into play in space for…
  • p. 44 …the local vertical, with its center of mass in GEO. The Fresnel zone plate has a…
  • p. 46 …wall plug and optical efficiencies, cost, complexity, mass, and size. Free-electron lasers are another class…
  • p. 47 …P = 2000 Pa (or 0.02 atmospheres). • Mass flow rate, Q = 60 kg/sec per module…
  • p. 48 UNCLASSIFIED//509 AEEJCJOP 11£5 O.-blf + Total mass flow rate, Qtota1 = 240 kg/sec for…
  • p. 50 …sec, and 15 kg/sec of CD2 mass flow represents 2.053 x 1026 molecules/sec…
  • p. 51 …The 60 kg/sec mass flow requirement of the 3: 1 N2/C02 lasing gases means…
  • p. 53 …mass (not including the prime power and cooling systems) to achieve the low specific mass (5…
  • p. 65 …is the undulator period, mis the electron mass, and c is the speed of light. 'MeV…
  • p. 72 …The Lightcraft specific impulse is essentially infinite (several thousand seconds in rocket mode), while payload mass…
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Table 5. Influence of Lightcraft and Target Velocity on Impact Energy and
Required Mass [261.
Lightcraft Lightcraft Impact Ballistic Missile Threat
Intercept Intercept Energy 1--SRBM IRBM ICBM-
Aspect Velocity and R~lO00 km R~2500 km R~l0,000 km
Weight V=2 km/s V=4 km/s V=6km/s
Impact E for 16MJ 36MJ 641\IJ
2 km/s 1.0 kg Wt.
Wt for 10 .63 kg
MJ ofE .28 kg .16 kg
0° from Impact E for 25MJ 49MJ 81 MJ
Head-on 3 km/s 1.0 kg Wt.
Collision Wt. For 10 .40 kg .20 kg .12 kg
MJ ofE
Impact E for 36 MJ 64MJ 100 }IJ
1.0 kg Wt.
4 km/, Wt. for 10 .28 kg .16 kg .l0kg
MJ ofE
RECOMMENDED LIGHTCRAFT MISSIONS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE
DEFENSE
Laser-powered Lightcraft, flown on air-to-space trajectories, show much promise for
performing exo-atmospheric BMD missions, especially if the laser can also be used to
discriminate warhead-carrying vehicles from decoys and non-threatening debris. Such
Lightcraft also appear capable of eliminating enemy satellites in LEO, if the Lightcraft
laser can illuminate them. But a significant effort would be required to analyze the
engagement scenarios for such a system, and fully investigate the decoy discrimination
and satellite tracking capabilities of the Lightcraft's pulsed laser and the hit-to-kill
guidance requirements for the Lightcraft itself.
Locating lasers and Lightcraft on existing aircraft, such as the Boeing 747, B-1 Lancer,
or C-130, appears to be an attractive alternative to ground/sea-based laser Lightcraft
systems. In this case, airborne laser beams at 12 km altitude will not suffer the
significant propagation losses that occur when guiding and propelling Lightcraft through
the lower atmosphere, and greater Lightcraft flight range should therefore be
achievable. (The increase in laser range, due to reduced propagation losses, for high
altitude operation will be somewhat diminished because of the smaller allowable
apertures on aircraft-mounted laser optics, which are on the order of 1.0 m as
compared to apertures on the order of 10.0 m for large ground/sea-based laser
installations.) Furthermore, airborne laser Lightcraft systems possess much greater
operational flexibility since their carrier aircraft can fly over significant distances to
reach desired launch locations, and can be based at almost any major Air Force facility
35
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