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This Defense Intelligence Agency reference document, dated 10 March 2010, covers inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusion. It was produced in FY 2009 under the DIA's Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) program. The report focuses on work at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and reviews IEC basics, experiments, theory and applications such as neutron sources, explosives detection and space propulsion. It concludes by proposing a breakeven experiment for p-11B fusion that uses a hydrogen plasma simulation.
“BEAMS”43 pages
UNCLASSIFIED/ /F9A: 9FFlil.11k WEI! 8Hllf of various loss channels such as hitting the grid, charge exchange, or up-scattering in energy, the ions would be prematurely trapped in the potential well until they fused. The conventional requirement for fusion confinement is given in terms of the confinement parameter, nT, where n = the ion density and T is the confinement time. Also the ion energy (or temperature T) must be in the 20 or more keV range assuming D-T fuel. For breakeven, J. Lawson developed his famous "criterion" nT = 10 14 cm· 3 -sec at T > 15 keV for DT fusion. Here T = energy confinement time, sec; n = ion density, cm· 3 and T = ion "temperature" or average energy. The Lawson criterion is independent of the confinement method, but does depend on the fuel via the selection of cross sections in the derivation. Magnetic confinement is generally limited to n ~ 10 14 cm· 3 by pressure balance. Then a confinement time T of~ 1 sec is required. For Inertia Confinement Fusion (ICF) or "laser fusion", compression of targets can achieve n ~ 10 24, so a confinement time of only 10- 10 sec is need (corresponding to the disassembly time of the compressed target). (For a general review of energy breakeven requirement for D-T fusion and other fuels like D- 3He and p- 11B, the reader referred to: G. Miley, Fusion Energy Conversion, American Nuclear Society, La Grange, IL 1973). Now consider the IEC. In principle, the ions focused on the center of the IEC can achieve a density of n ~ 10 16, giving a required confinement time of 10-2 sec for DT fusion breakeven. This time can be restated in terms of the number of ion recirculations in the IEC potential well by dividing the well diameter by the average velocity of the recirculating ion. In later cases discussed in this report, this number is typically quite large, usually ~1000 recirculations. Achievement of this large number of recirculations requires strong reduction of all of the loss channels noted earlier. Grid losses can be reduced by STAR mode operation discussed later where the recirculating ions possess beam-like trajectories passing through the center of the grid opening. The ideal, however, is the elimination of the grid altogether which can be done via formation of virtual potential structures, originally proposed by Farnsworth and discussed in following sections. The temperature requirement also leads to a fundamental difference in the IEC physics vs. other confinement approaches. (Note that "temperature" is not a proper term here since it implies an equilibrium distribution while the IEC is far from that with its beam-like ions. Thus, the reader should view "temperature" as meaning average energy of the ions. In doing that, however, it is assumed that the ion energy distribution is known so that averaging is possible). Most ions in the IEC are born near the chamber wall so are accelerated to an energy close to the applied voltage on the grid during the extraction process. A reasonable estimate is that the ions reaching the fusion region in the center have an energy near 80 percent of the grid voltage on average. Thus it becomes relatively easy to achieve the Lawson D-T requirement by applying a voltage of~ 25 kV. In fact most IEC neutron sources discussed later operate at voltages > 80 kV to get into an energy range giving a higher fusion cross section. In sharp contrast, magnetic fusion devices struggle to obtain a temperature in the 10 keV range since the entire plasma population must be heated (vs. direct ion acceleration in the IEC) due to the equilibrium distribution maintained in these plasmas. Another very important point is that Lawson assumed that the ions and electrons were in thermal equilibrium, at the same temperature, T. This is a reasonable approximation for magnetic confinement, but not so for the IEC. In the latter, the electrons form a "distorted" Maxwellian distribution at an effective temperature well below that of the 2 UNCLASSIFIED/ ;CF9A: 9FFiil.ltk WliEii &••LY
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Report, from the dia collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is under it. 72 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.