“BEAMS”43 pages
- p. 5 …Sketch of Two Opposite Limits of the Beam·Maxwellian Equilibrium .. 38
Figure 4.5. The Definition…
- p. 6 …Comparison of Analytical and Numerical Estimates of Q-Values in a
Beam-Dominated Solution -- for a…
- p. 8 …shows the "Star
Mode" discharge where ion beams are created that pass through the grid openings…
- p. 9 …discussed later where the recirculating ions possess
beam-like trajectories passing through the center of the…
- p. 10 UNCLASSIFIED/ ;raA 8FFIIItliL ~81!! SHL'f
beam-like ions. Since electron energy loss processes such as…
- p. 11 …In addition, its beam-like reactions (highly non-Maxwellian)
make the IEC very well suited for…
- p. 13 …a beam created at the anode and accelerated by the applied cathode
voltage; a low-energy…
- p. 14 …Good convergence is required to achieve
optimal beam-beam reactivity scaling for the application that require…
- p. 15 …The observed
loss of convergence with decreasing pressure and increasing current makes achieving
significant beam-beam…
- p. 16 …For a power reactor the objective is to obtain ion
beam-beam collisions in this central…
- p. 17 …the "conventional" beam-like
one. A key issue for this concept is how much plasma compression…
- p. 19 …The
main beam observed is a direct path along the injector
angle. Other faint light channels…
- p. 21 …Note that six ion "guns" were used to create a low energy ion beam that entered…
- p. 22 UNCLASSIFIED/;SflHl 8FFIIItliL ~81!! 8HL'I'
was obtained from recirculation beam-beam reactions in a potential…
- p. 23 …The key physics point is
that the beam-beam fusion rate scales as the ion current…
- p. 26 …Scoping calculations of beam-background fusion rates predict that a 3 He- 3 He reaction
product…
- p. 27 …of the ion density squared
scaling for beam-beam reactions.
REFERENCES
2.1 R. L. Hirsch…
- p. 28 …As such, the beam convergence (compression) is
limited to lower values, hence lower core densities (an…
- p. 30 …by
the intersection of the multiple ion beams, serves to deflect ions into the escaping jet…
- p. 31 …The result is the
formation of the intense space charge neutralized ion beam (or "plasma jet…
- p. 32 …in the
symmetric microchannels into a directed beam or jet.
Comparison to a Conventional "Plasma" Thruster…
- p. 33 …The ion beams finally exit through an opening in the ground sphere of the IEC device…
- p. 35 …These devices operate with ~ 80- keV D-ion beams using the non-Maxwellian
character of the…
- p. 36 …Two ion sources inject
40-keV deuterium and helium-3 ion beams toward the center of…
- p. 37 …Indeed in this case fusion is dominated by beam-beam (non-
Maxwellian reactions). Also, the dipole…
- p. 38 …the center potential and consequently allow incoming
beam ions to penetrate into the core region. In…
- p. 39 …Comparison of Analytical and Numerical Estimates of Q-values in
a beam-Dominated Solution -- for a…
- p. 40 …Hora, "Converging Beam Neutron Source for
Driving a Sub-critical Fission Reactor", Proceedings, ICONE 8, CD…
- p. 41 …Namely, the time scale for
collisional degradation of the beam-like ion distribution function is crucial…
- p. 42 …For example, a tightly focused monoenergetic ion beam is in
fact a pessimistic scenario, because different…
- p. 44 …Thus, weak sinks and strong sources will result in a
large beam population, increasing the beam…
- p. 45 …Sketch of Two Opposite Limits of the Beam-Maxwellian Equilibrium. The solid line
corresponds to a…
- p. 46 …injected beam current, average injection energy, energy spread associated
with the velocity component in both parallel…
- p. 47 …As stated in Section I, the current scaling
for beam-beam reactions is strictly 12. However…
- p. 48 …is very encouraging for formation of deep wells
in IEC devices designed for reactors using beam…
- p. 49 …To do this, it is
assumed that the electrostatic confinement equilibrium ion beams are proportional to…
- p. 50 …When an ion beam is hot, the waves excited by the instability are ion acoustic
type…
- p. 51 …Rider was particularly interested in the claim that due to its beam-like non-
Maxwellian plasma…
- p. 52 …Diagram Showing Equipotential
Surfaces of the IEC Cathode Grid and Their
Focusing Effect on a Beam…
- p. 59 …of detectors, the detector configuration, the collimated
beam size, the acquisition time, and other scan-related…
- p. 63 …Alternately, for space
propulsion, the proton beam, augmented by injection of heavy atoms to increase the…
- p. 68 …Due to its inherent non-Maxwellian (beam-like)
plasma, the IEC is especially well suited for…
- p. 70 …This configuration is highly
non-Maxwellian due to the beam
dominated nature of the trapped ions…
UNCLASSIFIEDf ;retl 8ffllil.t.k WE'lii '"" X
• Tetryl (Nitramine, C?HsNsOs) with p = 1.93 g/cm 3 .
• Landmine - includes plastic explosives, such as Semtex, which is made of RDX and
PETN, and C-4, which is made of RDX.
B. Nuclear Materials such as natural uranium (U-238) and weapon grade with enriched
(U-235). Testing can be done with this natural uranium which can be obtained without
special restrictions.
C. Drugs like Cocaine (CuH21NO4) and Heroin ( C21H2JNOs ) are of high in C and H, low
in O and low-medium Cl densities.
D. Common articles such as ethanol alcohol/wine (C2H6O) with p = 0. 789 g/cm3,
clothes like silk (C3HnN3O6) with p = 0.789 g/cm3, and nylon (C6H11NO) with p = 1.1
g/cm3, and metal utensils, including knives.
The list provides a guide for use of articles for simulation testing in the IEC inspection
station. Fortunately, the combination of sources in the integrated station provides good
coverage of this wide variety of items. Conventional single source units suffer "gaps" in
coverage.
Pulsed Power for the Inspection Station
Advanced materials and methods are used in its design to minimize weight and size.
This extends use of stationary units (e.g. at airports) to mobile platforms such as vans,
law enforcement vehicles or light military trucks. Figure 5.1 shows a block diagram of
the power control circuits.
c•~;. cecs;e ~ '•;;,-,'..''~" ;a; H"
i
I
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Figure 5.1. Block Diagram of the IEC Pulsed Power System
The power is taken from the platform power system and can be either 12-48 VDC or
single phase 120 VAC. The high voltage power supply is a solid-state switch-mode
inverter followed by a voltage multiplier circuit that incrementally steps the voltage up
a series of capacitors fed by high voltage diodes. The energy storage unit is composed
of high voltage capacitor segments with a low series inductance and resistance. The
capacitor bank is charged and discharged at the pulse repetition rate. The custom
capacitor sections are engineered to withstand the mechanical stress caused by rapid
charge/discharge cycling. The nominal capacitor bank voltage is 120 kV at full pulse
power output. A triggered spark gap is used to switch rapidly a high-energy pulse of
current from the capacitor bank to pulse modulate the magnetron. The triggered gap is
a compound three-element spark gap design. The arc is sustained until the capacitor
49
UNCLASSIFIED/)EiOAt OEiEil&l11J.k Wli'lii SU.kif