(1) Anomalous Propagation (AP) effects are prohably responsible
for a large number of UFO reports in cases jnvolving rad8T and visual
si;::htings.
(2) '~11ere are two common patterns that are evidenced in raclar-
vi~u~l cases involving anomalous propaga~ion effects;
(a) Unusual AP radar target~ arc detocted, and visual oh-
saners are instructed where to IJo~ for apparent UFOs and usually
"find" them in the form of n sta .. 01' other convenient object.
(I.:,) Unusual opth,al effects cause visual observ(:TS to
re!'ort UFOs :md radar O;lcrators are Jj rected where to lOuk for
them. As above, they llStllllly "find" them, 1lI0st o~'tel' in ~hc
form of illtl'rmittlH;t I\P el'llOc5, occasionally of the unusua]
mav ing variety.
0) In r;1\lar-v L:-:U;11 liFO s i gilt i 11~:S there is a prollounclJd ton--
,loney for ohserv('l'~ to assume that radar and vi sual tar'gets are
corrclRt~j, often dCSllite glaring Jiscrejancics in the rcported positions,
'I'hf>re is a perhaps related tendency to accept radar information with-
out checking it (is carefully as the observer might normally do; )lcnr:c
errors arc promulgated stich 3S .• direction of UFO movement confllsed wi th
tli~IZi ",.'tl~ at which it aas observed on the radar scope, and UFO speed
reported that is grossly at variance with plotted positions at times
(both of the~e effects are well illustrated in Case 93-8).
(4) 'I1\crc i l'O n general tendency nmon~ even oxpcri cl1<.;ed vi sUIII
ohMcrvcr~ to ~rossly over-estimate ~mall elevation ~nRlc~. Minnncrt
(l~IS,n statl's thnt thp average "mool1 i l1i.l~lon" involvc5 a fador of
2.5·,3.5. '111C result:.; of the rrl~sEn1 investigation imply that objects
Itt d~\'ation aJ\g!c~ as 5111[1]1 as I" ure estlmatod to be nt angles larger
than the truf' value by at leus1 this factor or mol'/) , Interestingly,
all of thl' clevl\tion allj.;ll~s repOl'ted of visun] nb,ieds ill thl' cases
l'xllmincJ in thIs dlflpt.l'r. not il sillRle one is reported V. he ll'~~:;
than I pO • 'n\t~ fact that radar may subsequent 1,. "s('c ll the UFOs ot
ltr1g1c~ ot or.ly 1° to 4° ~H~e11l~ not to \'othl'1' the visual obscrv('r~
nt all; in fact when the vi~lIal obscrve~'s rt'J1ort Hppunmt
(1) Anomalous I'ropagatlon (AP) effects f,re prohably responsihle
for a large IlIlmbor of UFO reports in case:; involving rau8r and visual
sightings,
(2) ':11ere are two common patterns that are evidenced in raclar-
vhut\l cases involving anomalous propaga,:ion effects;
(a) Unusual AP radar tar~et'i are det()ct'~d, and visual oh-
servers are ins tructed where to 1 Jof for apparent UFOs and Ul'ua lly
"find" thllffi ill the form of t1 :;ta: 01' other convenient object.
Il:,) Unusual optil.Hl effects crtllSe vislial observ(:rs to
report UFOs :1l1d radar o;1EH'ators arc ui l'ected where to louk for
them. As above. they llsuully "find" them, 1lI0st o!'teJ' in +:he
form of il\tl'rlllitttH;t 1\[' ei.'lloes, ol'casionally of the unusual
movill/'. varil'ty.
01 In r,ldllr-vl~lI;d liFO sight lllgs there i~ a prOIlOUllt:Ut! tOil"
,\olley for Dbscrv('r~ to assume that radar and vi sua} targets are
corrclflt('J, often despite glaring di:;l:rcjandos in the reported pOSitions.
'I'h"re is a perhaps related tendency to accept radar information with-
out checkinp, it "s carefully as the observe ( might normally do; hellce
errors arc pl'omulg,ltcd slIch as, direction of liPO movelllent confllsl'd wi th
t'.~ cHi ." t,~ at which it aas observed I)n the radar i'lcope, und UhJ speed
reported that is grossly at vuriance with plotted pOSitions at times
(both of thege effects are well illustrated in Case 93-8),
(41 '11lcrc i ~ n genel'al tendency nrnon~ evon oxpel'i cncc\! vi Stlfll
0bscrvcr~ to grossly over-estimate ~mall elevation rnRJc~. Mlnnucrt
(1\1:,.1) statl's that thl' IIvera.ge "mooll i 11Ll~ ion" i nvulvE~ H fador of
2.5"~.5. '1110 results of the prt'~cllt lnvc~tlgati()l1 imply that ohJects
(It d~VHtillt1 IIngles as sITlall as I' are e'ltlrnHtod to be nt 1I111!lc!l larger
than the trtlc value by at lells1 this fat'tor or mnrt) , Interl'stingly,
a II of thl' c lev fI t ion allg 1')S 1'epOl' ted of v i sun} ')[J ,i cd sill til(' cases
l'xamlncd in tlli!4 ..:hfll'tt'J', not it ~inRle one is reported V. he ll'!~:;
thrill 1(1°. 'n\e ract that radar lIIay suhsequent 1)' tI~ce" the UFOs (It
IlllglcF ot m,ly 1° to 4° ~H'ent!'! not 10 \'othl'r the visual ubsl'rvcrl!
lit lIII; ill fnet whE'1l t.he vi!wal ob!\ct've~'s report apJ1lii'(mt