cal, radiological) protective system to allow operations missiles on the same vehicle-a characteristic which
in a toxic or radioactive environment. provides greater operational flexibility.
19. Variants of the BMP are also entering the Soviet 24. Replacement of the S-60 gun system with SA-6s
ground forces in increasing numbers. These include and SA-8s has proceeded much more rapidly in Soviet
the M-1974 command vehicle, the M-1975 surveil- forces in Eastern Europe than in those in the USSR or
lance vehicle, and the M-1976 reconnaissance vehicle, NSWP forces. Two-thirds of Soviet tank and motor-
which is replacing the PT-76, the only light tank in ized rifle divisions in Eastern Europe have been
service. The BMD, a lightly armored, airdromppahle, equipped with one or another of these systems. (See
assault vehicle is assigned to Soviet airborne divisions. table II-2.) Only about 10 percent of Soviet divisions in
It is amphibious and has the same weapons as the the USSR and four NSWP divisions have SA-6s,
larger 3MP, plus two additional machineguns. however, and no SA-8s have been fielded yet with
20. The NSWP ground forces are on the whole still non-Soviet forces. SA-6 regiments have been deployed
predlomiantly equipped with older A PCs. The East at army level, however, in most NSWP countries. S-60
German, Czechoslovak, and Polish ground forces, guns replaced by mobile SAMs may be reorganized
German,~~~~~~~~~ mzcolvkn ois rudfre, ito AA units for additional air defense of fronts orhowever, have large numbers of the more modern armies.
APCs, including some 1,600 BMPs and several thou-
sand BTR-60s or a Czechoslovak/Polish-manufactured 25. Pact ground forces are also equipped with the
equivalent. Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria are SA-7 Grail and SA-9 Gaskin missile systems. The SA-7
largely equipped with older APCs. Overall, the NSWP is fielded at the company level. It is a man-portable
ground forces have about 11,000 APCs. system with an infrared homing missile and is de-
21. Ground Force Air Defense Systems. Pact Table II-2
ground forces opposite NATO are equipped with a
variety of tactical surface-to-air missile (SAM) and Status of Air Defense Modernization in
antiaircraft (AA) gun systems. A program to replace Warsaw Pact Ground Force Divisions
gun systems and older SAMs with more mobile SAM Opposite NATO a
systems was begun in the late 1.960s and continues, January 1979
with Soviet units in Eastern Europe and along the -
Sino-Soviet border receiving highest priority. Upgrad- Equipped With
ing of the remaining Soviet units and of the NSWP
forces is proceeding more slowly. Divisions b SA-6 SA-8 AA
Soviet
22. The SA-4 Ganef, a long-range, medium-to-high- In Eastern Europe 31 19 5 7
altitude SAM system (see figure II-5), has replaced the In the USSR 72 7 1 64
older, less mobile SA-2 Guideline in Soviet front- and Total 103 26 6 71
army-level organizations. The SA-4 system represents
a maior improvement over the SA-2 because it has NSWPd
EatGermany 6 3 - 3
twice the range and each launcher has two missiles East Germany13 - - 13
available for refire. It has begun to appear in the Czechoslovakia 10 - - 10
inventories of Czechoslovak, East German, and Polish Hungary 6 1 - 5
forces as well, but in fewer numbers. Each of these Romania 10 - - 10
forces has deployed only one SA-4 brigade. The SA-3 Bulgaria 6 - - 6
Goa is still fielded with Soviet ground forces in the Total 51 4 47
forward area for point defense of airfields. _---- _- ---------- --__
Grand Total 154 30 6 118
23. The SA-6 Gainful and SA-8 Gecko systems are -Seefootnote to table II-1, following paragraph 3.
designed to replace the S-60 57-mm AA gun as b Does not include airborne divisions or the Polish Sea Landing
division-level air defense weapons. The SA-6 is a Division.
mobile, medium-range, low-to--medium altitude sys- . Most combat-ready and some reduced-strength or cadre divi-
tem. The SA-8 is a highly mobile, low-altitude system sions are also equipped with SA-9s and the ZSU-23-4 gun systems.
wvith approximately one-half the maximum missile All Pact divisions probably have the man-portable SA-7.ritane o imelyAf T heSA-8muismuniiu e amongPact Does not include nine army-level SA-6 regiments in Polish,rantge of the SA-6. The SA-8 is unique among Pact Czechoslovak, Hungarian, Romanian, and Bulgarian ground forces.
SAM systems in that it carries both its radar and s--
11-7
oTp-Se et