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mortality, are good indicators of a particular ethnic
group’s well-being. He also looks at how youth
bulges—when the 15 to 24 age cohort exceeds 20 per-
cent of a given population—-affect stability within
ethnic groups.
Dn Martin Kenzer, Associate Professor of Geography
at Florida Atlantic University, provides a review of
post-World War II ethnically driven refugee move-
ments and assesses the current refugee picture.
Dr: Lee Schwartz, Office of the Geographer, Depart-
ment of State, examines the linkage between forced
migration and ethnicity. He presents a typology of
forced movements of people and a geography of the
ethnic composition of such migration.
States, Nations, and Ethnic Conflict
Dr: Thomas Poulsen looks at how overlapping pat-
terns of states (sovereign countries) and nations
(groupings of peoples with common identities) affect
current affairs. He then examines factors that aggra-
vate or ameliorate ethnic conflicts, especially where
nations and states do not correspond, and presents
some political-geographic truisms that the United
States should consider in dealing with ethnic conflict
abroad.
Patterns, Trends, and Regional Comparisons
Dr. Marvin Mikesell suggests that some countries-—
such as Finland—have done a good job accommodat-
ing minority populations and that neighboring coun-
tries could learn from this.
In her discussion, Dn Mildred Berman relays the
importance of examining population trends.
Ethnic Conflict and US Policy
Dr. Jon Gundersen, Department of State, presents his
view that US foreign policy must take into account
ethnic conflict, which will be on the intemational
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agenda over the long term. Concentrating on Europe
and the former Soviet Union, he questions what type
of state structure can best protect ethnic groups in the
region. He concludes by suggesting that the problem
of ethnic conflict in Europe could be addressed
through a united, decentralized Continent governed by
mutually accepted rules of behavior.
Mr. Wade Hinkle, Department of Defense, reiterates
then Secretary of Defense Les Aspin’s view that eth-
nic/national conflict is one of the main dangers to
US national security in the post—Cold War era. He
then summarizes the key points of US national secu-
rity strategy: remaining engaged in international
affairs, preventing the effects of ethnic conflict, and
forming partnerships with like-minded democratic
countries.
Conclusions: Implications for the United States
and the International Community-—Problems
and Prospects
Dr. Stanley Brunn, Professor of Geography at the Uni-
versity of Kentucky, examines the state of the world
political map and itemizes six factors that will affect
global politics over the next 20 years: environment,
religion, secularization, sports, territoriality, and com-
munications.
In the discussion, Dr: Rex Honey calls for understand-
ing that oppressed ethnic groups have legitimate
grievances and for support of human rights globally.
Dr Harm J. de Blij, the concluding discussant, points
out that ethnic strife may be related to deteriorating
environmental conditions in parts of the world.
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